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The establishment and upkeep of long term immunity is dependent upon the generation of memory T cells which can populate diverse tissue sites. The effector-memory (TEM) subset (Sallusto et al., 1999) could be the predominant subset migrating through various tissues (Masopust et al.TGF alpha/TGFA, Mouse (HEK293, Fc) , 2001); on the other hand, a important fraction of TEM phenotype cells persist as non-circulating, tissue-resident subsets (TRM) in numerous web sites such as lungs, intestines, skin, liver, brain, as well as other mucosal surfaces (for critiques see (Mueller and Mackay, 2016; Schenkel and Masopust, 2014; Thome and Farber, 2015)).PMID:23847952 TRM mediate optimal protective responses to site-specific infections by means of speedy mobilization of immune responses in situ (Schenkel et al., 2014a; Teijaro et al., 2011). Mouse models have also demonstrated the feasibility of targeting TRM in vaccines for generating protective immunity (Shin and Iwasaki, 2012; Zens et al., 2016). Given their possible importance in immune protection and tissue homeostasis, an understanding of TRM identity, function, and regulation in humans is crucial for translating methods to target tissue-specific responses for protection and immunomodulation.Cell Rep. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 October 18.Kumar et al.PageAdvanc.