Ublished in 2015 The first al. [29], with 17 kids and adolescents with PWS
Ublished in 2015 The very first al. [29], with 17 youngsters and adolescents with PWS and 21 age-matched Propamocarb site subjects et al. [29], with 17 young children and adolescents with Chetomin Epigenetic Reader Domain shotgun 21 age-matched subby Zhangwith very simple obesity. The investigators performed PWS andmetagenomic sequencing to analyze the gut microbiome of those subjects shotgun metagenomic sequencing jects with easy obesity. The investigators performed and discovered no significant differences inJ. Clin. Med. 2021, ten,four ofdiversity and composition between groups, suggesting that the PWS and basic obesity gut microbiome shared equivalent structural and functional features. The study also involved a dietary intervention along with a longitudinal study on the alterations within the gut microbiome, which will be discussed inside the next section. In a unique study, Olsson et al. [25] analyzed the fecal microbiota profile of 17 adult subjects with PWS and obesity and 17 matched subjects with straightforward obesity by sequencing with the V4 area on the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. They observed higher phylogenetic diversity and diverse all round composition inside the PWS group compared to the control group. Particularly, they observed larger abundance of Akkermansia, Desulfovibrio, and taxa within the Tenericutes phylum and methanogenic Archaea. The authors also observed lower Dorea abundance, which have been related with obesity [393]. There have been no important differences in the gut microbiome in between the genetic subtypes (deletion vs. maternal disomy). Interestingly, the authors also showed that richness and composition of gut microbiota from subjects with PWS was additional equivalent to that from their parents, suggesting that share environment and diet plan plays a vital role in determining gut microbiota composition. The authors also showed that particular microbial taxa prevalent within the PWS microbiota have been associated with improved markers of insulin sensitivity independently of body fat mass. Furthermore, in an sophisticated study transplanting fecal microbiota into germ-free mice, they showed that mice transplanted with microbiota from a donor with PWS had enhanced insulin tolerance when compared with mice transplanted with frequent obesity microbiota, suggesting a valuable part of the PWS-associated gut microbiome in glucose metabolism. Two other studies in children with PWS describing the fecal microbiome were published afterwards. Garcia-Ribera et al. [26] analyzed the microbiome by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V3-V4 region) in 31 young children and adolescents diagnosed with PWS. The authors observed reduced phylogenetic diversity and various abundance of quite a few microbial taxa at the genus level in subjects with obesity or overweight in comparison to people that maintain a regular weight. Three of those genera sustained adjustment for numerous comparisons, with larger Klebsiella and reduced Murimonas and Alistipes abundance in the group with obesity. Peng et al. [27] analyzed the gut microbiota by sequencing in the V3-V4 area of the 16S rRNA gene in 25 youngsters with PWS and 25 healthy matched controls. In contrast with all the study by Olsson et al. [25], the authors didn’t observe differences in bacterial diversity or neighborhood structure between groups, but identified higher Prevotella and reduce Oscillospira abundance in subjects with PWS. In agreement with the pointed out study [25], they also observed reduce Dorea abundance in these subjects. Notably, this study also reported the structure of fungal communities (or mycobiome) and showed considerable differences in subjects w.