Of transportation [8]. Shiga toxinproducing E. coli prevalence in Jordan was identified to be higher in intensively reared goats with occasional grazing (65 ) than in extensively reared goats with year-round grazing (50 ) [9]. Preharvest meat goat management, slaughter and processing, and postharvest carcass and meat handling methods differ amongst different countries and regions. The E. coli countsAnimals 2021, 11,three ofon goat skin prior to slaughter frequently range from 2.2 to two.5 log10 CFU cm-2, and these on carcasses before washing range from 2.1 to 2.three log10 CFU cm-2 [10,11]. It’s not clear to what extent things for instance sex, age, and breed can influence E. coli shedding in goats. A Animals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER Critique 4 of 22 generic flow diagram of a variety of measures involved in pre- and post-harvest phases of chevon production is included to illustrate possible Hydrocinnamic acid References intervention points (Figure 1).Figure A generic flow diagram of different methods involved in and and post-harvest of goat Figure 1. 1. A genericflow diagramof many methods involved in pre-pre- post-harvest phasesphases of goat meat productionto illustrate prospective intervention points [124]. meat production to illustrate potential intervention points [124].Animals 2021, 11,four of3. Pre-Harvest Intervention Studies involving preharvest intervention to reduce E. coli population in goats are extremely restricted (Table 1). Before recommending any management system as a viable signifies of controlling potential transfer of organisms in the gastrointestinal tract towards the skin, carcass, and meat, it is very important contemplate how an intervention method can influence animal welfare, productivity, and product top quality elements [35]. Because most goat meat producers about the world are smallholder farmers, it’s also important to element inside the financial implications for farmers.Table 1. Reduction in microbial counts resulting from preharvest intervention strategies in goats.Intervention Stage Intervention System Spray washing live goats in single file race before processing with potable water (0.4.8 ppm chlorine; approx. 12 L of water at 158 C per animal) for 1 min. Feed deprivation for 27 h prior to processing (in comparison to no feed deprivation). Feed deprivation (normally) Feed deprivation for 24 h prior to processing (compared to 12 h feed deprivation) Feeding hay diet for 4 days before harvesting (in comparison with concentrate feeding). Feeding alfalfa hay diet plan for 90 days prior to processing (when compared with concentrate feeding). Feeding ground sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) for 14 weeks. Feeding brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) supplement for 14 days. Spray washing skin for 1 min. using potable water followed by 1 min. with chlorinated water (50 mg L-1 hypochlorite) right away soon after bleeding. Sample Kind Microorganism Reduction Goat Breed ReferenceHolding pensSkin swab samplesGeneric E. coli Aerobic plate countNo transform 0.eight log10 CFU cm-Cyclosporin H Protocol Spanish[10]Farm/holding pensCarcass swab samplesGeneric E. coli Aerobic plate count0.eight log10 CFU cm-2 1.0 log10 CFU cm-2 Reduces gut fill and fecal contamination of carcasses No transform 0.five log10 CFU cm-2 two.four log10 CFU g-1 two.6 log10 CFU g-1 three.1 log10 CFU g-Boer Spanish[36]Farm/holding pens—[21]Farm/holding pensCarcass swab samplesGeneric E. coli Aerobic plate countKiko Spanish[11]FarmRectal samplesGeneric E. coli Total coliform EnterobacteriaceaeKiko Spanish[13]FarmRectal samplesGeneric E. coli1.eight log10 CFU g-Boer Spanish[37]FarmFecal samplesGeneric E. coli Total plate.